Physicists and astronomers believe that the universe began with the Big Bang—a cataclysmic event that occurred roughly 13 billion years ago which gave birth to the universe. The Big Bang theory suggests that the entire universe was concentrated in an incredibly hot and dense state, called the singularity, which began to rapidly expand resulting in the formation of matter, including subatomic particles and atoms. These atoms then clumped together to form galaxies, stars, and other structures in the universe.
For a long time scientists wondered that an event as powerful as the Big Bang ought to leave some evidence, a “relic” radiation in the form of a cosmic background noise that permeates all of the universe. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) was first predicted in 1948 by American cosmologists Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman. The mainstream astronomical community, however, was not intrigued at the time by cosmology. The Big Bang theory itself was largely debated. The alternative being the Steady State theory which posits that the universe has existed for eternity and is roughly the same at any point in time.
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Source: amusingplanet.com